A Crash Course in the Language of things Canonical and Non-Canonical

 Recently questions and misunderstandings came up about the meaning and implications of the term non-canonical. I have written about this before and added a postscript to my follow-up post on why God wills many forms of hermit life in the Catholic Church. I also wrote about it four years ago when a non-canonical hermit suggested she had discovered she was illegal and perhaps couldn't even think of herself as Catholic. 

But, it seems the lesson was never really internalized. I am going to come at it again now for two reasons: 1) it is a terrible and very costly error to believe that because one is non-canonical and cannot call oneself a Catholic hermit, one cannot be a Catholic if one wants to remain a hermit or that one cannot be a hermit if one wants to remain a Catholic, and 2) if one person is making this error, others may also be making or being led to make it as well. So here is the basic question, does non-canonical mean illegal? The answer is no, it does not!!  Here is one place it is probably more helpful to think of canons as norms rather than laws, (I am not denying canons are laws, but the use of the word law and its cognates (illegal, illicit, unlawful, etc.) in this context is seriously misleading. If we think of canons as norms, the opposite of having them apply is not being illegal, but being un-normed, unbound by, or free of them.)

When we are baptized into the Church certain norms of the universal Church apply to us automatically. We are, by virtue of our baptism, Catholics, and we have the right to call ourselves Catholic. That right and others come with baptism as do certain obligations, the requirement that we attend Mass on Sundays, follow the laws of fasting and abstinence, go to confession once a year in case of mortal sin, etc. In other words, at baptism we are admitted to the lay state of life and like all new states of life it is a public vocation with pertinent canonical rights and obligations. We do not lose these rights and obligations so long as we are in the baptized state. In this sense, though we don't usually speak this way, baptism makes us canonical; it causes us to be bound by certain norms or canons corresponding to specific rights and obligations that belong to every person in the Church in virtue of Baptism.

As laity, every baptized Catholic can pursue all kinds of avenues of life including the eremitical life. However if one makes vows on one's own, private vows, even if encouraged and witnessed by someone in authority in the Church, they are a private matter not a public one. No additional public rights or obligations, no additional norms or canons bind this person in law. Suppose the vows are associated with living as a hermit (including the evangelical counsels!). In that case, the person is a Catholic and a Hermit, but they are NOT Catholic Hermits (more about this below). They are bound by all the canons that bound them upon baptism, no more, no less. In other words, when we speak of these hermits as non-canonical we do so because they live eremitical life without additional canons that bind them in law, whether c 603 or those appropriate to religious institutes. 

Some persons seek to live as consecrated hermits, either as part of a community or as solitary consecrated hermits. Each option is a public and ecclesial vocation requiring the Church's approval for admittance to public profession and consecration, and each of these fall under its own set of new canons beyond those associated with the lay state. For those whose profession is received by the Church in a public rite, they become canonical hermits. New Canons beyond those binding at baptism become legally binding on these hermits. For this reason, they are called canonical hermits. Canonical is a shorthand term for bound by (additional) canons or norms. Non-canonical is a shorthand term for unbound by additional canons or norms. Because the Church acting in God's name consecrates them in the hands of the Bishop they are consecrated hermits. And finally, because canonists point out that because of c 603, the category of religious life now applies to people with no relation to an institute of consecrated life, these hermits are considered Religious. Canon 603 hermits are Catholic Hermits and live the eremitical life in the name of the Church. They are specifically commissioned by the Church to be and do this because the gift of this vocation belongs first of all to the Church and only secondarily to the individual hermit. 

This emphatically does NOT mean that privately vowed hermits are illegal!! They live this vocation privately rooted in their own discernment and dedication under the same norms every baptized Christian is bound by; they do not consecrate themselves nor live this vocation as a public representative of the eremitical life in the Catholic Church. The Church has not entrusted them with this calling nor have they embraced the rights and obligations associated with a public and ecclesial vocation. However, they remain Catholics living a private eremitical life. They are, as one friend said, hermit (or eremitic) Catholics but they are NOT Catholic Hermits because the latter means they live this life in the name of the Church. 

(By the way, once again, by way of illustration, I do not write in the name of the Church nor do I teach Scripture or theology in her name. I am not and cannot call myself a Catholic theologian, though the theology I do is profoundly Catholic. To do theology as a Catholic Theologian requires a pontifical degree (not just a PhD or a ThD from a Catholic College, University, or Theological School) and a mandatum to teach in the Church's name. This mandate can be taken away by the Church just as it is up to the Church to grant it.)